TABLE
OF CONTENTS
TOPIC:
THE ISSUE OF HIV/AIDS IN SOCIETY: WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO
HAFLONG TOWN
INTRODUCTION
Statement
of the Problem
Elaboration
of the Problem
Purpose
of the research
Scope
and limitation
CHAPTER-1:
WHAT IS HIV/AIDS?
1.1.
Definition
1.2.
How is HIV/AIDS Transmitted?
1.3.
Methods for HIV Antibody Test
1.4.
Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
1.5.
Natural History of HIV/AIDS
CHAPTER-2:
STUDY OF HIV/AIDS IN HAFLONG TOWN
2.1.
Background of Haflong Town
2.2.
Three major routes of transmission of HIV/AIDS I te Town
2.3.
Case Study in Haflong Town
CHAPTER-3:
BIBLICAL RESPONSE TOWARDS HIV/AIDS
CHAPTER-4:
CHURCH RESPONSE TOWRDS HIV/AIDS
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
There is increasing problem of
stigmatization of the people living with HIV/AIDS and devaluation of
their human dignity in the image of God in the society that needs to be
addressed.
ELABORATION OF THE PROBLEM
HIV/AIDS is not only a health issue but also has socio-political,
economic and religious and spiritual aspects as well. It is true that we cannot
afford to remain ignorant, careless, and silent or be indifferent to this issue
which destroys the dignity and threatens the very existence of life. Since HIV
is very much associated with human sexuality and substance abuse which are very
sensitive, many people tend to have a preconceived negative attitude towards
the victims of the pandemic.
In the context of HIV/AIDS, a major obstacle to effective
prevention and cure is the stigmatization of PLWHA. Stigma implies the branding
or labeling of a person or a group of persons as being unworthy of inclusion in
human community resulting in discrimination. To address the issue of HIV/AIDS,
we must also address social stigma and discrimination associated with it. Any
step towards a fruitful solution should start with eradication of discrimination;
the hostile and negative attitude towards the PLWHA must be done away with.
PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH
The main purpose of this research is to study what HIV/AIDS really
is and it's issues in the society, with Christian responsibilities to the
issues. This thesis will attempt to give anew hope to a people living with
HIV/AIDS in the family and society as well.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The main focus of the present work will attempt to uncover the
less explored plight of the PLWHA in some of the rural as well as urban areas
with special emphasis to Haflong Town in the state of Assam. The research will
cover Ewes that relate directly to the hidden and unexpressed desires of HIV
victims for acceptance, fear of rejection, separation from family, relative,
friends and church. The work will also find ways to bridge the communication
gap between a Victims persons and the society towards eradication of silence,
suspicion and prejudice which cause stigma and discrimination.
CHAPTER-1
WHAT IS HIV/AIDS?
1.1. Definition
HIV/AIDS epidemic is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that has become a major health problem in the underdeveloped and developing countries. This epidemic emerged in the early 1980s creating unprecedented challenges to human society in various dimensions of human life. Two decades ago, before the virus was identified, thousands of homosexual or ‘gay’ men in North America, Europe and Australia were noticed to suffer and die of a rare disease which affected and damaged the immune systems of the individuals. But soon researchers and scientists identified the presence of this syndrome which was evident in intravenous drug users or who have had received blood transfusions. It also started to show its syndrome with heterosexual men and women in Africa. In 1982, this syndrome was given the name AIDS, i.e., Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Eventually in 1986, the virus causing this syndrome was identified and named HIV.[1]
AIDS is a disease which impairs the body’s immune system, leaving a person unable to fight infections and diseases. AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV (Human immune deficiency Virus). When this virus enters the bloodstream, it attacks the body’s immune system, weakening or destroying cells which are crucial to the systems normal functioning.[2]
1.2. HOW IS HIV/AIDS TRANSMITTED?
There are three main ways that HIV is transmitted, by sexual
intercourse, by blood to blood contact, and from mother to child either in the
womb, at childbirth or through breastfeeding.
1.2.1. Sexual Transmission:
The usual way is through adult sexual intercourse. In some
countries HIV has been mainly in the homosexual population, but worldwide,
HIV/AIDS is overwhelmingly a heterosexual disease.
According to the doctors, during sexual intercourse, damage to the lining of sexual organs facilitates transmission of HIV from the infected partner to the uninfected one by exchange of body fluids. It is easier for the virus to be transmitted if the uninfected partner is already suffering from some sexually transmitted disease/ reproductive tract infections, because in this case the lining of the organ is already damaged. The risk increases four to six folds, particularly if the partner has a genital ulcer disease, such as syphilis, cancroids or herpes.[3]
1.2.2. Blood Transmission:
Blood to blood contact can occur through transfusion but mainly
occurs in the injecting drug scene. When a person who is HIV positive uses a
syringe to inject drugs, that person will draw some of his own blood into the
syringe in order to washout all the drug. He then passes the syringe on to
another who washes the syringe out the same way unintentionally washing the HIV
into his own bloodstream.
1.2.3. Prenatal Transmission:
Children also fall victim to this disease. This is either from mother to child, or through child sexual abuse and/or prostitution at an early age. When both parents have died with AIDS, child headed households have become the norm in many parts of the Country. Where there is inadequate food due to loss of earnings many of these children end up living on the streets or selling their bodies for food and shelter.[4]
1.3. METHODS FOR HIV ANTIBODY TEST:
The HIV antibody test detects patient’s antibody to HIV not HIV
itself. Reliable results depend on the test being performed outside the window
period. The common HIV antibody tests are;
1.3.1. ELISA and Western Blot Tests:
ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immune sorbent Assay) and the Western Blot
are the two tests commonly used for HIV antibody tests. Since each has merits
and draw backs, the tests are usually used together. These tests look to see
whether a person has made antibodies to HIV. There are other tests like immune
Filtration Assay (IPA) and Agglutination tests. Both give a faster result than
ELISA test and are less expensive. Other tests such as, the Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR) looks for HIV RNA or DNA but are very expensive and rarely used.
1.3.2. Saliva Tests:
For over 10 years the most common way to test for HIV has been to examine a person’s blood. People do not like to give blood and collecting it can be expensive. Recently tested for HIV using saliva (blue). Most people do not mind giving a sample of saliva, and this test is safer and less expensive because no needles are used. The saliva is tested the same way they do with ELISA test. If the saliva test is positive, blood is usually checked with a Western blot test to confirm the result.[5]
1.4. SYMPTOM OF HIV/AIDS.
Generally HIV/AIDS victim person faced Loss of body weight, chronic diarrhea, prolonged fever, persistent cough, generalized itchy skin rash, extensive herpes, fungus in the mouth and throat, swollen tymph glands, extra pulmonary TB, brain fever. HIV directly attacks the brain and the nervous system. The symptoms are; forgetfulness, loss of concentration, disorientation as regards time and space, bahavioural changes, agitation, fit, neurological| problems resulting in paralysis, slowness of speech, altered mood and imbalance.[6]
1.5. NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV/AIDS:
The Natural History of HIV/AIDS can be divided into four stages;
1.5.1. Acute Infection (Al):
The primary organize of HIV disease happens after a individual is
tainted with the infection. During this period the virus multiplies rapidly in
the body and a mild sere-conversion illness can occur such as persistent fever,
weight loss, lymph node swelling, diarrhea and muscle cramping. They may also
have night sweats, nausea and vomiting. This is the period when the antibodies
are not detected and CD4 cell count is nearly normal. Patients may be
infectious during this period, also called as “window period’. This stage lasts
for 12 months.
1.5.2. Early Immune Deficiency (EID):
During this period, the Immune system has controlled the virus,
which is largely restricted to lymphoid tissue. The patient is a symptomic, CD4
count is more than 500 cells/ml and antibodies can be detected in the blood.
The second stage lasts for 3-5 years.
1.5.3. Intermediate Immune Deficiency:
Most peeple infected with HIV have no symptoms for months or years
and it could last longer and up to 10-15 years. The CD4 count decreases to
200-500 cells/ml due to the rapid multiplication of the virus in the body.
Patients start subtle signs and symptoms of compromised immune system and
capable of transmitting the virus. This period lasts from 2-3 years.
1.5.4. Advanced Immune Deficiency:
The Virus proliferates throughout the body and overcomes the immune system. As the immune system is overcome, several major opportunistic infections occur including tumors, neurologic, TB, pneumonia, GI disease, cardiac manifestations. CD4 counts falls to less than 200/ml. The antibodies may or may not be detected. This is the end stage of AIDS and the patient ultimately dies within 1-2 years.[7]
CHAPTER-2
HIV/AIDS STUDY IN HAFLONG TOWN
2.1. BACKGROUND OF HAFLONG TOWN:
Haflong is a town and headquarters of Dima Hasao (formerly North
Cachar Hills) in India in the state of Assam. It is the as it were slope
station in Assam. Haflong could be a Dimasa word meaning Anthill. Haflong is
portion of Independent Area (LokSabha voting demographic). It is the central
command of N.C. Slopes Independent Council.
According to 2011 India Census, Haflong
had a populace of 43,756. Guys constitute 45% of the populace and females 55%. Haflong
has an average literacy rate of 92%. The population of the Town comprises
various tribes & races who maintain their own dialect, culture, customs
& usages. They are mostly government employees, traders living in urban
& semi-urban area. It is also the home of various tribes: Dimasa, Nagas,
Hmar, Kukis, Biate , Bengali ,Assamese , and Hrangkhol.
Languages spoken:
Commonly talked dialects are Haflong Hindi, Dimasa, Hmar, ZemeNaga
,Biate, Kuki, Khasi, Assamese and Hrangkhol.
Transportation:
In spite of the fact that there's no coordinate Discuss
association to Haflong, one can fly to Guwahati or Silchar from where simple
street or rail choices are accessible. New Haflong railway station of
Lumding–Sabroom section provides the rail connectivity in Haflong with Guwahati
and Silchar. Through road one can travel via Hojai-Lanka road.
Tourism Attractions:
Haflong may be a uneven town encompassed by parcels of
characteristic delights like familiar water streams, rich green slopes and
bounty waterfalls. Main attractions are:
Ethnic Villages, Statue of Rani MaaGaidinliue, Fiangpui Garden, Fiangpui Presbyterian Church, Samparidisa Eco Tourism Village, Haflong Lake, Hill view from circuit house, etc., Hill view from Moulpong, Jatinga Bird Observatory.[8]
2.2. THREE MAJOR ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS IN HAFLONG:
There are three well-defamed routes through which HIV spreads in
Haflong. The most common of those are; sexual intercourse with infected
partner, through contaminated needles and syringes and the third HIV
transmission is from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, at birth
or shortly after birth.
2.2.1. Sexual transmission:
This refers to transmission through unsafe sexual act. The
transmission of HIV infection through this route is assumed as a single largest
way for the spread of HIV in Haflong. In this sexual intercourse, women are
said to have more vulnerable and a greater risk of being infected by their male
partners because transmission from male to female is more efficient than from
female to male.
2.2.2. Injecting Drug Users (IDUs):
This refers to transmission of HIV contaminated needles and
syringes. The risk of HIV transmission through sharing of needles and syringes
by injecting drugs users (IDUS) is very high in Haflong. Many people get
infected by sharing needles to shoot drugs, pierce body parts or through get
blood through contaminated needles and syringes. This is because blood is
commonly sucked back into the syringe and then re-injected. This practice has
resulted in increased HIV infection among drug users.
2.2.3. Perinatal Transmission:
This refers to transmission of infections from mother to fetus
before, during or shortly after birth. Transmission of HIV from parent to Child
is common and also one of the routes of contracting HIV in the state of Assam.
The risk of HIV from mother to child transmission is believed to be 30-40
percent in the uterus, during delivery and after birth. It is believed that
during postnatal period, transmission of HIV infection from mother to child
occurs through breast milk but it is said that the possibility to transmit is
comparatively low. The doctors do not encourage the HIV infected mother to
breast-feed the child rather seek for alternative arrangement to milk the baby
as the disease is transmissible to the child. However, final option in this
regard is left to mother.
2.3. CASE STUDY IN HAFLONG TOWN:
Case study - 1
A woman got married with a drugs addicted man, after some years of
getting married, the man died due to HIV/AIDS. But the woman was not aware of
the reason about her husband's dead. After the death of her husband,
the woman got married with another man. However, after a few years,
both of them were infected with the virus. The man was a church
worker in his local church. But after acknowledging his invective
virus, he resigned from his post. Indulging in many unwanted thing; not
attending the church, involving in drinking. Thereafter he becomes an alcoholic. His
two children and his wife were suffered due to the severe condition of their
father as well as of their desire.
Case study-2
A woman around 35, who was a mother of two children, was sent back
to her parental house after discovering her HIV positive. As the
research found, the woman was from Manipur State (India), who married with a
boy from Haflong (Assam). It is said that when she gave birth to the first
child, it was undiscovered her HIV. But after living more than six years and
when she gave birth to her second child, it was noticed that she was
HIV+. One happy news was that, her husband and two Childs were not
infected by the disease. The day that noticed her HIV, the
family members even by the neighbors started stared at her with a colorful
eye-sigh. However, after she was recovered from her child-birth
suffer, her husband and his family decided to send her back to her father's
house (Manipur) because of her infectious disease. The researcher
state about her emotional heart-felt feeling, she does not want to leave her
two children. But no way to escape and so she packed her bags with a tear from
her eyes, and was sent back to her father's house in Manipur.
CHAPTER-3
BIBLICAL RESPONSE TOWARDS HIV/AIDS
3.1. BIBLICAL RESPONSE
3.1.1. Human Identity:
The Biblical response to HIV & AIDS pandemic can be considered
from hermeneutical as well as exegetical studies. We do not intend to identify
them as separate entities rather we would attempt to see these two
simultaneously for our purpose and better comprehension.
The Bible provides answer to the basic question on human identity.
The Genesis account proclaims that each human being is the image of God. God
created humans in his image (Gen. 1:27). It is the human Whom God created out
of dust and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life (Gen. 2:7). Hence
humans remain the representative-being of God’s image with body, soul and
spirit. Each part of human existence is important to God. Each human being is
the temple of God, and God’s spirit dwells in it (1Cor. 3:16). More so, each
human body is the temple of the Holy Spirit. Believers’ identity is with the
existing Holy Spirit (1Cor. 6:19).
If these are the identities of humans, how grave would it be to discriminate fellow humans on the basis of any disease! If anyone is inflicted upon by any disease, like HIV & AIDS, God’s Spirit does not leave him/her out. That person still continues to remain the temple of the Holy Spirit. The identity of any PLWHA is the temple of the Holy Spirit. Therefore, any hurt brought to any one of them would mean that hurt was brought to the Holy Spirit. Causing hurt to the Holy Spirit is insensitivity to Christian faith.[9]
3.1.2. Marriage and Sex:
Both marriage and sexuality come from God (Gen. 1:27). God
established this institution of marriage and sex before the Fall. It is a union
between two persons in which they become one (Gen. 2:24-25). Therefore, divorce
is against God’s will, because God establishes each marriage (Matt. 19:4).
Apostle Paul does not consider either marriage or remaining single as sin,
because through this the will of God is exercised (1Cor. 7:28, 36, 38). Hence,
we must obey the laws which God has put in nature and has revealed to us
through the Bible. If we do not obey God’s laws, we will suffer the
consequences.
Chastity and integrity is expected from each married couples. As marriage is an institution sanctioned by God, its sanctity must be maintained. Sexual urge needs fuller and appropriate expression, yet not at the cost of moral laxity. Paul condemns sexual immorality very strongly (1 Cor. 5:1-13). This not only destroys the body of each individual believer but also the body of Christ, the church. The dictum, “one God, One man, one wife for life” holds true when sexual behavioral disorder is causing HIV & AIDS pandemic.[10]
3.1.3. Blood and Flesh:
The believers of Christ are always encounter by devil in blood and
flesh which are physical lust and passion, which Paul puts in three caption
words fornication, impurity and licentiousness (Gal. 5:19; cf. 2Cor. 12:21).
These, in other words, are some of the works of the flesh. Driven by these
works and passion people engage themselves in illegal and unethical sex,
premarital sex and/ or sex outside marital relationship. Sexual union before
marriage is called fornication. Having sexual relationship with someone else
besides respective marriage partner is adultery. Both are contrary to God’s
plan that has been devised for human survival. Such kind of sexual relationship
damages human body, soul and spirit. It damages body because it invites germs
of several sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Therefore, Paul’s exhortation
is to keep the believers restrained from all sorts of evil (1Thess. 5:22). He
also exhorts saying that they must be careful how they live. They should live
as wise, because they are living in the days of evil (Eph. 5:15).
There might have been occasions when the believers responded to
the desires of their blood and flesh and have invited unwanted disease, like
HIV & AIDS, in their body. They have humiliated their body and the body of
Christ. But because of these throb in their life Christ will expressed His
power like in the case of Apostle Paul. In their weakness and suffering, in
their rejection and even death they would experience the power of Christ. And
Christ be exalted in their life (Phil. 1:20-21).
3.1.4. Freedom of Life in Christ:
Due to Adam and Eve, all human being are count into a sin, and short of God’s glory (Rom. 3:10). In human hopelessness God has devised a plan to instill life through Jesus Christ so that all may have life abundantly. Christ came to give life, life in all its fullness (John 10:10) and therefore life is God’s gift. The PLWHA are under the economy of God’s salvation. God sent Jesus Christ not only to save people from sin but also to relieve them from physical bondage and deformities. In Christ the PLWHA receive free-life that leads to freedom.[11]
CHAPTER-4:
CHURCH RESPONSE
4.1. Introduction:
We are living in a perplexed and complicated world today that is
widely understood but this complexity should not just be accepted and
compromised by the church rather the confusion should be sought solution
sincerely. Since the Church is highly regarded and perhaps it is the most
powerful force and agent in transforming the community, there is a strong
desire and anticipation on church active participation to lessen the
multiplying problems by HIV in the state. She is expected to overturn the land
of negative connotation and pessimism into the land of fellowship,
understanding, love, care, hope and joy in the lord. The Church stands to save
the life of her members spiritually, physically and mentally and it is also to
prepare the healthy ways for the upcoming generation to find Jesus Christ. The
church is instituted to solve the problems and not to multiply the problems.
Hence, an inexpressible story of suffering, humiliation, discrimination,
isolation and the bitter experiences experienced by HIV/AIDS patients must not
be overlooked but brought solution to it.
The positive steps taken by some of the advanced churches and
councils along with state Government and NGOs like AIDS control society towards
addressing this issue are deserved to be highly praised and acknowledged by one
and all. Their contributions for saving humanity from HIV/AIDS must also be an
eye openers for the rest of the churches who are yet to awake combating this
deadly disease. The author in a very nutshell would like to mention some of the
steps taken by the council and church with the full support of AIDS control
society and other related agencies as a source of encouragement and models for
those who are initiating to address this issue.
4.2. Church as Shelter:
The biggest shortage today in the HIV & AIDS control is not
money, but caring, committed, knowledgeable people who are willing to work with
the marginalized and the poor. One necessary step is to devise a holistic
approach to tackle the problem of this group of people and to develop peer
groups in the Church. It will be a long time before government agencies are
able to work effectively with marginalized and or high risk population due to a
history of mistrust and the desire to maintain official propriety.
Thus, the Church will have to do the bulk of intervention work, act as a shelter and respond to the crises in a holistic way. The determinants of whether India can control its HIV & AIDS pandemic are entrusted to us. We are to make sure that those who come to us with hope are not turned away but are embraced with compassion and care.[12]
There is no better time than now to introduce a Biblical perspective on HIV & AIDS as a subject in itself or as a course within the larger context of Missiology for example. It is commendable that already some seminaries have introduced HIV & AIDS in their courses as a chapter, but very few have comprehensively included it in their curriculum as a part syllabus like Eastern Theological College and Clark Theological College (that I am aware of). We are proud of their effort and contribution towards the development of it as a subject necessary for our future church leaders to incorporate in their ministry.[13]
4.3. Church as a Redemptive and Healing Community:
Healing is God’s activity in which we anticipate. Healing is not
the same as curing. In the case of HIV and AIDS, the virus remains, but what is
transformed is how people are received as whole persons in the community. Jesus
is often seen as a healer who receives people in need of facial treatments. He
wrote personal stories and tribulations that led to the realization of
salvation. Likewise, the task of healing today is to enable as many people as
possible to live their lives in such a way that others can recognize the image
of the living God in them, and so that they may live and remain truly human
until death.
Jesus in the New Testament was often seen and heard to be proclaiming and granting wholeness to people. This, he did when he healed many people: men, women and children, suffering from various kinds of infirmity and diseases.[14]
In Luke 8:40-55, we witnessed a “woman in desperation owing to a
health issue” (Ball, David). Now notice, before the bleeding woman story there
is another story about the daughter of Jairus who got sick and died. The girl
at that time was 12 years old. "12 is an important age for sexual
development in young women, so an old woman's bleeding at that time (12 years
old) can be read as sex. In their culture, blood means life, so at that moment
she meets Jesus, her life goes away
A change in the story It is possible.
Note that in the "special" story about the bleeding woman, it was the woman, not Jesus, who reached out for healing and health. Jesus saw the woman only when he heard the power coming from her. Thanks to her devotion and patience, the woman's health is good. Despite her condition, she walked hard through the crowd so that healing can be hers. (With this I am reminded of the sharing of the Myanmar Positive Women Network Initiative. They said that nobody pushed them to do AIDS ministry, they themselves decided to come together and form an organization. It seems to me that, like the bleeding woman, they were saying, “we will work for our own healing.” To them the healing becomes more meaningful by bonding together.[15]
4.4. Conclusion
The concern of HIV/AIDS, as we have tried to see, cannot be looked
at from a monolithic viewpoint, be it an ethical, pastoral, or missional
perspective. The issue has implications for the way we do theology, the way we
engage in ‘God-talk’. It raises fundamental questions about the way we
understand God, ourselves, and our fellow human beings, especially in the midst
of misery and suffering. HlV/AIDS, being a life and death issue for many, also
challenges some of our perceptions about the very concepts of life and death.
Our reflections on such themes are informed and influenced by the
socio-political and cultural matrix that we are part of. This means that a
theological discourse on the issue of HlV/AIDS becomes relevant only when it is
accompanied by a simultaneous process of serious engagement with
socio-political, ideological and cultural realities and parameters such as
social (race and caste), economic (Class) and gender justice issues.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Longchar,
Imtijungla. Dynamic Youth In a Broken
World. Dimapur:Voice of God Ministries, 2013.
Marhu,
Obed. HIV/AIDS and Church in Nagaland.Dimapur:
ObedMarhu, 2013.
Joy
& Ray Thomas. I;m not at Risk Am I?.
Hampshire: Judag Trust, 2006.
Arunkumar,
M. C &Irengbam Rajeev.People Living
With HIV/AIDS. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing
House, 2009.
Lasetso,
Razouselie.ed. Health and Life:
Theological Reflection on HIV/AIDS. Jorhat: ETC Programme
Coordination, 2007.
Prabhakar,
Samson. ed. HIV/AIDS: A Challenge to
Theological Education. Bangalore: BTESSC, 2004.
Dixon,
Patrick. AIDS ACTION. Hyderabad: GS
Books, 2010.
Kambodji,
Alphinus. ed. HIV and Inclusive Community.
West Bengal: SCEPTRE, 2013.
Longchar,
Wati A. ed. Health, Healing and
Wholeness: Asian Theological Perspectives on HIV/AIDS.
Jorhat: ETE-WCC/CCA, 2005.
Dixon,
Patrick. AIDS and YOU.Secunderabad: Operation Mobilization, 2002.
[1] M.
C. Arunkumar&Irengbam Rajeev, People
Living With HIV/AIDS,(New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House, 2009), 1
[2]
Imtijungla Lonchar, Dynamics Youth In A Broken World, (Dimapur: Voice of God
Ministries, 2013),110
[3]
Joy & Ray Thomas, I’m not at Risk Am
I?,(Hampshire: Judah Trust, 2006), 23
[4]
Joy & Ray Thomas, I’m not at Risk Am
I?,(Hampshire: Judah Trust, 2006), 23
[5]Obed
Marhu, HIV/AIDS and Church in Nagaland,(Dimapur: ObedMarhu, 2013), 20-21
[6]ImtijunglaLongchar,
Dynamic Youth In A Broken World,(Dimapur: Voice of God Ministries, 2013), 113
[7]Obed
Marhu, HIV/AIDS and Church in Nagaland,(Dimapur: ObedMarhu, 2013), 19
[8]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haflong
[9]Pratap
Chandra Fine, "Biblical Response to HIV & AIDS Pandemic",Health and life : Theological Reflections on
HIV & AIDS, (Jorhat-Assam: ETC Programme Coordination, 2007) 55-56
[10]Pratap
Chandra Fine, "Biblical Response to HIV & AIDS Pandemic",Health and life : Theological Reflections on
HIV & AIDS, (Jorhat-Assam: ETC Programme Coordination, 2007),57-57
[11]Pratap
Chandra Fine, "Biblical Response to HIV & AIDS Pandemic",Health and life : Theological Reflections on
HIV & AIDS , 59
[12]Pratap
Chandra Fine, "Biblical Response to HIV & AIDS Pandemic", Health and life : Theological Reflections on
HIV & AIDS, (Jorhat-Assam: ETC Programme Coordination, 2007), 9
[13]Pratap
Chandra Fine, "Biblical Response to HIV & AIDS Pandemic", Health and life : Theological Reflections on
HIV & AIDS, (Jorhat-Assam: ETC Programme Coordination, 2007), 10
[14]
Darlene Marquez Caramanzana, “Bible Study on Healing and HIV/AIDS” :HIV and Inclusive Community,(West
Bengal: SCEPTRE, 2013), 220
[15]
Darlene Marquez Caramanzana, “Bible Study on Healing and HIV/AIDS” :HIV and Inclusive Community, 221
0 Comments